Arsenal would be the Premier League club hardest hit financially by playing next season behind closed doors with potential losses across the division reaching a staggering £880million, according to research.
Almost a quarter of the Gunners' revenue for the 2018-19 season came from matchday earnings and fans being shut out of the Emirates Stadium until May next year amid Covid-19 fears could cost them £122m.
Manchester United have the division's highest matchday earnings, valued at £110.8m for the 2018-19 campaign, but their greater commercial muscle means it accounts for 17.67 per cent of overall revenue.
Nonetheless, United would stand to lose an eye-watering £140m in matchday income if the gates at Old Trafford remained shut for all of next season.
The overall impact on all 20 Premier League clubs would be colossal. Vysyble estimate they would collectively lose £878.21m in matchday revenue if all of next season was behind closed doors.
If fans could return in December, that would reduce to £416.77m and if fans were allowed in at the start of next season, it would be £126.3m lost.
The data from Vysyble takes into consideration match day revenue as a percentage of last season's total income and applies it to a period including the remainder of this season and the whole of next without fans in the stadium.
The figures show that North London rivals Arsenal and Tottenham are the most exposed if the coronavirus pandemic means Premier League games will have to be played in front of empty stands for a prolonged period.
Taking into account their remaining matches at the Emirates Stadium this season and a projected five per cent increase in match-day earnings next year, Arsenal's estimated lost revenue totals £122.3m by May 2021.
The figures show these losses would reduce to £59.6m if fans returned in December this year - midway through next season. If next season starts with fans in the ground, Arsenal would lose just £16.2m.
Though United do have their global commercial strength to fall back on, not to mention plenty of sponsorship deals, a whole season without matchday income would hit them severely.
The Old Trafford club is projected to lose £139.4m if all next season's home games were behind closed doors and £61.2m if fans were able to return in December.
Even their remaining matches this season in the Premier League alone will see them lose £17.2m in matchday money and doesn't include lost money from Europa League ties.
At Tottenham, where matchday income in their new £1billion stadium accounts for 17.7 per cent of income, a whole 2020-21 season of no crowds would hit them to the tune of £106.5m.
Liverpool would typically get 15 per cent of their overall income on matchdays and could the Premier League champions-elect could lose £105m if next season sees the Anfield turnstiles closed.
Chelsea and Newcastle take almost a quarter of their annual income from matchday revenue with the Blues standing to lose £81.5m by the end of next season. Manchester City would lose close to £74m.
Those clubs with smaller stadiums, such as Bournemouth and Burnley, stand to lose less money with much of their income dependent on the Premier League's lucrative television deals.
Bournemouth would lose £6.7m if the gates remained shut next season and Burnley £8.4m.
It looks almost certain that any resumption of the Premier League season, with stakeholders set to meet again via video conference on Monday, will be played behind closed doors.
But if a vaccine cannot be found to combat Covid-19, next season may well be played out without supporters as well.
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