Which transfer windows are still open?

Premier League clubs will have to wait until January to make more signings after the transfer window shut in England, but that doesn't mean that business is necessarily done just yet.

While clubs in all divisions are still able to land players as free agents, a number of transfer windows across the continent and even further afield remain open beyond September 1.

That raises the possibility of new employers for players who miss the cut when squad lists are submitted on September 2 — and also means an anxious wait for some supporters whose players have been linked with foreign clubs that can still trade…

Which transfer windows are still open?

Global governing body FIFA's regulations set out two annual periods, or transfer windows, during which clubs can buy and sell players but the exact timings of these are set by the individual countries' football associations, with not all domestic seasons running to the same calendar.

The window may have shut in Europe's top leagues but it remains open in Portugal, Belgium, Turkey, Greece, Russia and Ukraine past the September 1 deadline.

Beyond Europe, there are options for players looking for warmer climes or pre-World Cup minutes in the Middle East, South America and Australia.

Notable transfer deadlines beyond September 1:

Which players could still move?

Cristiano Ronaldo had hoped to find a suitor offering Champions League football this summer but is staying put at Manchester United — for now at least.

Erik ten Hag is now hoping his wantaway star can settle for another few months, but an offer from Saudi Arabia — the only concrete one that landed this summer — is still viable for another few weeks should Ronaldo suddenly fancy it.

Several players who saw proposed deadline-day transfers fall through have other avenues to explore.

Southampton's Nathan Redmond could have joined Bournemouth before a deal fell through and is understood to be in talks with several clubs across Europe, including options in Turkey.

A failed switch to West Brom for Brighton's Steven Alzate means that he will now need to look further afield. Fulham's Marlon Fossey and Ivan Cavaleiro, meanwhile, are exploring respective moves to Standard Liege and Olympiacos.

While some clubs are still hoping to move players on, others are wary of unwanted swoops.

Sheffield United's Sander Berge has been pursued by Club Brugge all summer but the Belgian champions have not so far come close to triggering the midfielder's £35million release clause.

The Athletic understands Berge has decided to stay at Bramall Lane with United currently top of the early Championship — and time running out for him to secure any chance of Champions League football in Belgium — but the club's supporters will breathe easier when September 6 comes and goes.

What about free agents?

Players who find themselves out of work can sign for a club at any point of the year and the free agent market remains an intriguing one.

Juan Mata is still looking for a new club after being released from Manchester United earlier this summer, while Ross Barkley has had his Chelsea contract terminated by mutual consent.

Diego Costa, Loris Karius, Danny Drinkwater, Danny Rose and Serge Aurier — targeted by Nottingham Forest — are other former Premier League players currently without a club.

Ex-Real Madrid veteran Marcelo and Belgian defender Jason Denayer are also available.

Juan Mata's Manchester United contract expired this summer 

How could squad lists impact players?

Premier League clubs have to submit 25-man squad lists now the transfer window is closed — and those who miss the cut will have their agents working overtime.

While Tottenham and Chelsea have shed a string of fringe players, Nottingham Forest — the most active club of the window — sent Josh Bowler on loan to Olympiacos after signing him from Blackpool as their ranks filled up further.

Squads must contain at least eight players who fulfil a “home grown player” criteria.

The Premier League says that a “home grown player” is one who, irrespective of nationality or age, has been registered with any club affiliated to the Football Association in England or Wales “for a period, continuous or not, of three entire seasons, or 36 months, before his 21st birthday (or the end of the season during which he turns 21).”

Any players under the age of 21 do not count towards the 25-man squad limit.

There is another pressing deadline when is comes to top European competition.

Clubs have to register their UEFA Champions League squads by midnight CET on September 2, with any subsequent transfers ineligible for the group stage.

If a club gets through to the knockout stage, UEFA rules allow them to register a maximum of three new players before the round of 16 by midnight CET on February 2. Any of those players can have featured for another club in the qualifying phase, play-offs or group stage of the Champions League, Europa League or Europa Conference League.

The window may have shut but remaining looming deadlines — not least for clubs with bloated squads — mean the intrigue is not quite done yet.